Working Paper: NBER ID: w27450
Authors: Ian Burn; Patrick Button; Theodore F. Figinski; Joanne Song McLaughlin
Abstract: We provide an overview of research that indicates that older women face unique challenges and opportunities with respect to work, retirement, Social Security, and age discrimination law. We present estimates of poverty by age and sex, showing that poverty increases with age for women due to older women often outliving their spouses and becoming widowed. We discuss research that shows that women benefit more than men from working longer. We then note that older women face intersectional discrimination that can unfortunately be a barrier to older women working longer. We detail how older women often “fall between the cracks” of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act and are thus not well protected against this intersectional discrimination. As a final example of how women face different circumstances, we summarize research on how older women were differentially negatively impacted by the elimination of Social Security’s Retirement Earnings.
Keywords: retirement; social security; age discrimination; older women; intersectionality
JEL Codes: H55; J14; J16; J7; K31
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Age and marital status (J12) | Poverty (I32) |
| Age (J14) | Poverty (I32) |
| Widowhood (J12) | Poverty (I32) |
| Working longer (J29) | Retirement security (H55) |
| Working longer (J29) | Social security benefits (H55) |
| Intersectional discrimination (age and sex) (J71) | Employment opportunities (J68) |
| Age discrimination (J71) | Employment outcomes (J68) |
| Social security policies (retirement earnings test) (H55) | Poverty (I32) |
| Retirement earnings test (J26) | Early claiming of benefits (H55) |
| Early claiming of benefits (H55) | Long-term financial security (G51) |