Working Paper: NBER ID: w23218
Authors: Michael L. Anderson; Justin Gallagher; Elizabeth Ramirez Ritchie
Abstract: Improving the nutritional content of public school meals is a topic of intense policy interest. A main motivation is the health of school children, and, in particular, the rising childhood obesity rate. Medical and nutrition literature has long argued that a healthy diet can have a second important impact: improved cognitive function. In this paper, we test whether offering healthier lunches affects student achievement as measured by test scores. Our sample includes all California (CA) public schools over a five-year period. We estimate difference-in-difference style regressions using variation that takes advantage of frequent lunch vendor contract turnover. Students at schools that contract with a healthy school lunch vendor score higher on CA state achievement tests, with larger test score increases for students who are eligible for reduced price or free school lunches. We do not find any evidence that healthier school lunches lead to a decrease in obesity rates.
Keywords: school lunch; academic performance; child nutrition; test scores
JEL Codes: I12; I20
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| contracting with a healthy meal vendor (M55) | increase in student test scores (I24) |
| contracting with a healthy meal vendor (M55) | increase in student test scores for economically disadvantaged students (I24) |
| contracting with a healthy meal vendor (M55) | increase in student test scores for economically advantaged students (I24) |
| contracting with a standard vendor (L14) | no significant improvements in test scores for overall student population (I24) |
| contracting with a standard vendor (L14) | notable increase in test scores for disadvantaged students (I24) |
| quality of meals provided by healthy vendors (L15) | positive impact on academic performance (I24) |
| healthier lunches (I19) | no decrease in obesity rates among students (I24) |