Working Paper: NBER ID: w9896
Authors: Richard B. Freeman
Abstract: This paper examines the pattern of change in turnout in elections and in the rate of voting of different socioeconomic groups in the US. It shows that while the changing education and income structure of the population and changes in laws and regulations that make it easier to register and to vote should have raised turnout, the proportion of the voting age population that votes has fallen. This is partly due to the increased proportion of voting age persons who are ineligible to vote, but it is hard to pin down the magnitude of that effect due to problems with data. It also finds that turnout has become much more unequal by age, education, and income.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: D1; J0
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| socioeconomic status (P36) | voting turnout (K16) |
| income and education levels (I24) | voting turnout (K16) |
| policies aimed at increasing voter registration and turnout (K16) | voting turnout (K16) |
| non-citizen population growth (J11) | voting turnout (K16) |
| disenfranchisement of ex-felons (K16) | voting turnout (K16) |
| demographic changes (J11) | voting turnout (K16) |
| institutional features and social dynamics (O17) | voter turnout disparity (K16) |
| political mobilization and institutional barriers (O17) | voting turnout (K16) |