Working Paper: NBER ID: w9515
Authors: Jacob Boudoukh; Matthew Richardson; Yuqing Shen; Robert F. Whitelaw
Abstract: The behavioral finance literature cites the frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) futures market as a prominent example of the failure of prices to reflect fundamentals. This paper reexamines the relation between FCOJ futures returns and fundamentals, focusing primarily on temperature. We show that when theory clearly identifies the fundamental, i.e., at temperatures close to or below freezing, there is a close link between FCOJ prices and that fundamental. Using a simple, theoretically-motivated, nonlinear, state dependent model of the relation between FCOJ returns and temperature, we can explain approximately 50% of the return variation. This is important because while only 4.5% of the days in winter coincide with freezing temperatures, two-thirds of the entire winter return variability occurs on these days. Moreover, when theory suggests no such relation, i.e., at most temperature levels, we show empirically that none exists. The fact that there is no relation the majority of the time is good news for the theory and for market efficiency, not bad news. In terms of residual FCOJ return volatility, we also show that other fundamental information about supply, such as USDA production forecasts and news about Brazil production, generate significant return variation that is consistent with theoretical predictions. The fact that, even in the comparatively simple setting of the FCOJ market, it is easy to erroneously conclude that fundamentals have little explanatory power for returns serves as an important warning to researchers who attempt to interpret the evidence in markets where both fundamentals and their relation to prices are more complex.
Keywords: Asset Prices; Fundamentals; Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice; Market Efficiency; Behavioral Finance
JEL Codes: G1
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| freezing temperatures (Q54) | fcoj futures returns (G13) |
| temperatures above freezing (Q54) | fcoj futures returns (G13) |
| USDA production forecasts (Q11) | fcoj futures returns (G13) |
| news about Brazilian production (L79) | fcoj futures returns (G13) |