Working Paper: NBER ID: w8985
Authors: Claudia Goldin
Abstract: Occupations are segregated by sex today, but were far more segregated in the early to mid-twentieth century when married women began to enter the labor force in large numbers. It is difficult to rationalize sex segregation and 'wage discrimination' on the basis of men's taste for distance from women in the same way differences between other groups in work and housing have been explained. Rather, this paper constructs a 'pollution' theory model of discrimination in which new female hires may reduce the prestige of a previously all-male occupation. The predictions of the model concern the range of segregated and integrated occupations with respect to a productivity characteristic and how occupational segregation changes as the characteristic distributions become more similar by sex. The historical record reveals numerous cases of the model's predictions. Occupations that were more segregated by sex, for both men and women, contained individuals with higher levels of the productivity characteristic. 'Credentialization,' the shattering of old stereotypes, and information about individual women's productivities can help expunge 'pollution.'
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: J7; N3; J2
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Entry of women into male-dominated fields (J16) | Perceived reduction in prestige of those occupations (J62) |
| Men's resistance to female entry (J16) | Protect occupational status (J44) |
| Higher productivity characteristics of women (J21) | More pronounced occupational segregation (J79) |
| Convergence of productivity characteristics between genders (O47) | Change in occupational segregation (J79) |