Working Paper: NBER ID: w7372
Authors: B. Douglas Bernheim; Lorenzo Forni; Jagadeesh Gokhale; Laurence J. Kotlikoff
Abstract: This study examines the adequacy of life insurance among married American couples approaching retirement. It improves upon previous work in two ways. First, it is based on recent, high quality data (the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey with matched Social Security earnings histories). Second, it employs new financial planning software to evaluate the life insurance needs of each household. This software embodies an elaborate life- cycle planning model that accounts for a broad array of demographic, economic, and financial characteristics. We find that a sizable minority of couples in the HRS sample are significantly underinsured. Almost one third of wives and more than 10 percent of husbands would have suffered living standard reductions of 20 percent or more had their spouses died in 1992. Underinsurance tends to be more common among low income households, couples with asymmetric earnings, younger households, couples with dependent children, and non-whites. In general, households with greater vulnerabilities do not appear to compensate adequately for these vulnerabilities through greater life insurance holdings. Among some groups, the frequency of underinsurance exceeds two-thirds, and the frequency of severe underinsurance (a reduction in living standard of 40 percent or greater) exceeds one-quarter.
Keywords: Life Insurance; Retirement; Financial Planning
JEL Codes: G22
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| underinsurance (G52) | reduction in living standards (I31) |
| income level (D31) | underinsurance (G52) |
| household composition (D10) | underinsurance (G52) |
| presence of dependent children (J12) | underinsurance (G52) |
| ethnicity (J15) | underinsurance (G52) |
| economic vulnerability (F66) | underinsurance (G52) |
| spouse's share of earnings (J31) | reduction in living standards (I31) |
| age (J14) | underinsurance (G52) |