Working Paper: NBER ID: w3875
Authors: Richard B. Freeman
Abstract: This paper examines the magnitude of criminal activity among disadvantaged youths in the 1980s. It shows that a large proportion of youths who dropped out of high school, particularly black school dropouts, developed criminal records in the decade; and that those who were incarcerated in 1980 or earlier were much less likely to hold jobs than other youths over the entire decade. The magnitudes of incarceration, probation, and parole among black dropouts, in particular, suggest that crime has become an intrinsic part of the youth unemployment and poverty problem, rather than deviant behavior on the margin. Limited evidence on the returns to crime suggest that with the decline in earnings and employment for less educated young men, crime offers an increasingly attractive alternative.
Keywords: crime; employment; disadvantaged youths; incarceration; unemployment
JEL Codes: J01; J13; K42
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| incarceration (K14) | lower employment rates (J68) |
| probation (K40) | lower employment rates (J68) |
| crime (K42) | criminal records (K14) |
| criminal records (K14) | economic life (A13) |