Working Paper: NBER ID: w3447
Authors: Francine D. Blau; Marianne A. Ferber
Abstract: This chapter provides a broad overview of women's economic status in all parts of the world, with special emphasis on their position relative to men. Large differences are found among countries and regions in the size of the gender gap with respect to such measures as labor force participation, occupational segregation, earnings, education, and to a some what lesser degree the amount of time spent on housework. Two generalizations, however, hold. Women have not achieved full equality anywhere, but particularly in the advanced industrialized countries for which data on the relevant variables are more readily available, there is evidence of a reduction of gender differences in economic roles and outcomes.
Keywords: Gender Gap; Labor Force Participation; Women's Economic Status
JEL Codes: J16; J21
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| women's labor force participation (J21) | women's economic position (J16) |
| women's labor force participation (J21) | bargaining power within the household (D13) |
| bargaining power within the household (D13) | material provision and overall influence (E25) |
| economic development (O29) | women's labor force participation (J21) |
| government policies (H59) | women's labor force participation (J21) |
| women's labor force participation (J21) | material positions for women (J16) |