Working Paper: NBER ID: w31668
Authors: Annamaria Conti; Vansh Gupta; Jorge Guzman; Maria P. Roche
Abstract: Open source is key to innovation, but we know little about how to incentivize it. In this paper, we examine the impact of a program providing monetary incentives to motivate innovators to contribute to open source. The Sponsors program was introduced by GitHub in May 2019 and enabled organizations and individuals alike to reward developers for their open source work on the platform. To study this program, we collect fine-grained data on about 100,000 GitHub users, their activities, and sponsorship events. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we document two main effects. The first is that developers who opted into the program, which does not entail receiving a financial reward, increased their output after the program’s launch. The second is that the actual receipt of sponsorship has a long-lasting negative effect on innovation, as measured by new repository creation, regardless of the amount of money received. We estimate a similar decline in other community-oriented tasks, but not in coding effort. While the program’s net effect on users’ innovative output appears to be positive, our study shows that receiving an extrinsic reward may crowd out developers’ intrinsic motivation, diverting their effort away from community and service-oriented activities on open source.
Keywords: open source; innovation; GitHub; financial incentives; community contributions
JEL Codes: J24; L86; O30; O31; O36
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Receiving financial support (I22) | Crowding out of intrinsic motivation (C92) |
| Introduction of the GitHub Sponsors program (D26) | Increase in developer output (O49) |
| Introduction of the GitHub Sponsors program (D26) | Increase in new repositories (O35) |
| Introduction of the GitHub Sponsors program (D26) | Increase in community-based activities (O35) |
| Introduction of the GitHub Sponsors program (D26) | Increase in overall effort (commits) (D29) |
| Actual receipt of sponsorship (Z23) | Decrease in innovation output (O39) |
| Actual receipt of sponsorship (Z23) | Decrease in new repository creation (O32) |
| Actual receipt of sponsorship (Z23) | Decrease in community-oriented tasks (Z13) |