Working Paper: NBER ID: w31623
Authors: Brian Duncan; Stephen J. Trejo
Abstract: The authors explore unique complete-count data from the 1930 Census in which a respondent’s race was assigned by enumerators and “Mexican” was one of the possible responses. Census enumerators frequently and selectively assigned a non-Mexican race—predominantly “white”—to U.S.-born individuals of Mexican ancestry. As a result, using enumerator-assigned race to identify Mexican Americans misses a sizeable fraction of the relevant population and significantly understates this group’s socioeconomic attainment. The propensity for Census enumerators to identify Mexican Americans as white varied enormously across U.S. counties, and this variation is strongly associated with both the educational attainment of U.S.-born Mexican Americans observed in the 1940 Census and the amount of return migration by Mexican immigrants during the 1930s. As such, this variation may help to identify local environments that were more favorable for the integration of Mexican Americans.
Keywords: Mexican Americans; Census; Race; Socioeconomic Integration
JEL Codes: J15
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Enumerator-assigned race (Y60) | Socioeconomic outcomes (I24) |
| Higher socioeconomic standing (I31) | More likely to be classified as white (J15) |
| Better socioeconomic integration (I24) | Assigned race of white (J15) |
| Local conditions (C62) | Racial classification (J15) |
| Assigned race (J15) | Assessments of generational progress (H60) |