Working Paper: NBER ID: w31400
Authors: Alma Cohen; Tzur Karelitz; Tamar Krichelikatz; Sephi Pumpian; Tali Regev
Abstract: This study investigates empirically whether and how the use of gender-neutral language affects the performance of women and men in real high-stakes exams. We make use of a natural experiment in which the institute administering Israel’s standardized college admission tests amended the language used in its exams, making test language more gender neutral. We find that the change to a more gender-neutral language was associated with a significant improvement in the performance of women on quantitative questions, which meaningfully reduced the gender gap between male and female performance on these questions. However, the change did not affect female performance on verbal questions nor male performance on either quantitative or verbal questions. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that gendered language may introduce a "stereotype threat" that adversely affects women’s performance in tasks in which they are stereotypically perceived to underperform. Our findings have significant implications for the ongoing academic and policy discussions regarding the use and effects of gender-neutral language.
Keywords: gender-neutral language; gender disparities; performance; high-stakes exams; stereotype threat
JEL Codes: D83; I20; I24; J16; Z13
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| gender-neutral language (J16) | women's performance on quantitative questions (C12) |
| gender-neutral language (J16) | alleviation of stereotype threat (I24) |
| alleviation of stereotype threat (I24) | women's performance on quantitative questions (C12) |
| gender-neutral language (J16) | men's performance on quantitative questions (C12) |
| gender-neutral language (J16) | women's performance on verbal questions (J16) |