Working Paper: NBER ID: w31287
Authors: Therese Bonomo; Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach
Abstract: There has been significant media attention on the issue of childhood obesity, leading policymakers to reform the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) to include stricter nutritional requirements. We use data on school lunch menus to document improvements in the nutritional quality of school meals between 1991 and 2010. We then evaluate how this change in nutritional content maps into obesity outcomes, using panel data on a nationally representative cohort of children, tracking them from kindergarten entry in fall 2010 through the end of fifth grade in spring 2016. We find little evidence that participation in the school lunch program leads to weight gain, as measured by changes in obesity, overweight, and BMI. These results suggest that improvements in the nutritional content of school lunches have been largely successful in reversing the previously negative relationship between school lunches and childhood obesity. Unrelated to school lunch participation, we find a strong relationship between mother’s obesity status and both the level and growth of children’s obesity, especially for girls and among high-SES families.
Keywords: school lunch program; childhood obesity; nutritional quality; Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act
JEL Codes: I14; I18; I21
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Improvements in the nutritional quality of school lunches (I28) | Healthier weight outcomes (I14) |
| School lunch participation (I21) | Weight gain (I19) |
| Maternal obesity status (I14) | Children's obesity (J13) |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) (I24) | Children's obesity (J13) |
| Improvements in school lunches (I28) | Positive impact on obesity outcomes (I14) |