Working Paper: NBER ID: w30173
Authors: Amit Summan; Arindam Nandi; David E. Bloom
Abstract: Routine childhood vaccinations are among the most cost-effective child health interventions. In recent years, the broader benefits of vaccines, which include improved cognitive and schooling outcomes, have also been established. This paper evaluates the long-term economic benefits of India’s national program of childhood vaccinations, known as the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). We combine individual-level data from the 68th round of the National Sample Survey of India (2011–2012) with district-wise data on the rollout of UIP from 1985 to1990. We employ age-district fixed effects regression models to compare the earnings and per capita household consumer spending of 21- to 26-year-old adults who were born in UIP-covered districts vis-à-vis non-UIP districts between 1985 and 1990. We find that exposure to UIP in infancy increases weekly wages by 13.8% (95% CI: 7.6% to 20.3%, p<0.01) and monthly per capita household consumption expenditure by 2.9% (95% CI: 0.7% to 5.0%, p<0.01). Program exposure also reduces the probability that an individual’s household relies on agriculture as the main source of income by 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0% to 3.5%, p<0.01). The findings are robust to several specifications including varying study duration and accounting for potential migration. The effects vary by sex, location, and caste group.
Keywords: childhood vaccination; economic outcomes; India; Universal Immunization Programme
JEL Codes: I15; I18; J31; J38
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| UIP exposure (J65) | increase in weekly wages (J31) |
| UIP exposure (J65) | increase in monthly per capita household consumption expenditure (D12) |
| UIP exposure (J65) | decrease in probability of relying on agriculture as main source of income (O13) |