Working Paper: NBER ID: w29974
Authors: Claudia Goldin
Abstract: The impact of the pandemic on the employment, labor supply, and caregiving of women is assessed. Compared with previous recessions, that induced by COVID-19 impacted women’s employment and labor force participation more relative to men. But the big divide was less between men and women than it was between the more- and the less-educated. Contrary to many accounts, women did not exit the labor force in large numbers, and they did not greatly decrease their hours of work. The aggregate female labor force participation rate did not plummet. The ability to balance caregiving and work differed greatly by education, occupation, and race. The more educated could work from home. Those who began the period employed in various in-person “service” occupations and establishments experienced large reductions in employment. Black women were more negatively impacted beyond other factors considered and the health impact of COVID-19 is a probable reason. The estimation of the pandemic’s impact depends on the counterfactual used. The real story of women during the pandemic concerns the fact that employed women who were educating their children, and working adult daughters who were caring for their parents, were stressed because they were in the labor force, not because they left.
Keywords: COVID-19; women; labor force participation; economic impact; caregiving
JEL Codes: J0; J20; J21; J22
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| the pandemic (H12) | women’s employment (J21) |
| the pandemic (H12) | women’s labor supply (J22) |
| the pandemic (H12) | childcare hours for college-educated women with young children (J13) |
| the pandemic (H12) | labor market outcomes (J48) |
| the pandemic (H12) | labor force participation rates (J49) |
| women who entered the labor force just before the pandemic (J21) | overall participation rates (J49) |