Working Paper: NBER ID: w29786
Authors: Anup Malani; Stacy Rosenbaum; Susan C. Alberts; Elizabeth A. Archie
Abstract: Early life conditions can have profound effects on individual health, longevity, and biological fitness. Two classes of hypotheses are used to explain the evolutionary origins of these effects: developmental constraints (DC) hypotheses, which focus on the deleterious effects of low-quality early-life environments, and predictive adaptive response (PAR) models, which focus on organisms’ predictions about their adult environment, phenotypic adaptations based on that prediction, and the deleterious consequences of incorrect predictions. Despite their popularity, these ideas remain poorly defined. To remedy this, we provide mathematical definitions for DC, PARs, and related concepts, and develop statistical tests derived from these definitions. We use simulations to demonstrate that PARs are more readily detected by tests based on quadratic regressions than by tests based on more commonly used interaction regression models. We demonstrate that the poor performance of interaction models stems from two problems: first, they are mathematically incapable of detecting a central prediction of PAR, and second, they conceptually conflate PARs with DC. We conclude by providing recommendations for how researchers can make use of explicit definitions and properly-aligned visualizations and statistical tests to make progress in this important research area.
Keywords: adaptive developmental plasticity; early life conditions; health outcomes; predictive adaptive response; developmental constraints
JEL Codes: I1
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| low-quality developmental environment (e0) (I25) | worse adult health and fitness outcomes (y1) (I12) |
| experience low-quality developmental environment (I25) | predict low-quality environment in adulthood (I12) |
| predict low-quality environment in adulthood (I12) | adopt phenotypic adaptation to low-quality adult environment (C92) |
| adopt phenotypic adaptation to low-quality adult environment (C92) | exhibit health/fitness outcomes based on this adaptation (I12) |
| higher-quality adult environment (e1) (I24) | better health and fitness outcomes (y1) (I14) |