Working Paper: NBER ID: w29571
Authors: Taryn Dinkelman; L. Rachel Ngai
Abstract: Many African countries are still in the early stages of structural transformation. Typically, as economies move through the structural transformation, activities once conducted within the household are outsourced to the market. This has particular implications for women’s time use. In this paper, we document that current patterns of female time use in home production in several African countries closely resemble historical time use patterns in the US. We highlight two stylized facts about women’s time use in Africa. First, in North Africa, women spend very few hours in market work and female labor force participation overall is extremely low. Second, although extensive margin participation of women is high in sub-Saharan Africa, women tend to work in the market for only a few hours each week, with the rest of their work hours spent in home production. These two facts suggest two types of constraints that could slow down the reallocation of female time from home to market as economies grow: Social norms related to women’s market work, and a lack of infrastructure (e.g. household infrastructure and childcare facilities) to facilitate marketizing home production. We discuss recent empirical evidence related to each set of constraints and highlight new avenues for research.
Keywords: Time use; Gender; Structural transformation; Africa
JEL Codes: D13; J22; O11; O12; O55
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Structural Transformation (L16) | Reallocation of Women's Time to Market Work (J29) |
| Home Production Outsourcing (L23) | Increased Female Employment in the Market (J29) |
| Social Norms (Z13) | Inhibition of Women's Participation in Market Work (D13) |
| Inadequate Infrastructure (H54) | Hinders Marketization of Home Production (D13) |
| Constraints (Social Norms + Inadequate Infrastructure) (H76) | Slow Down Reallocation of Female Time to Market Work (J29) |
| Reallocation of Female Time to Market Work (J29) | Impact on Economic Growth and Gender Equality in Labor Market Outcomes (F63) |