Working Paper: NBER ID: w29506
Authors: Samuel Bazzi; Andreas Ferrara; Martin Fiszbein; Thomas P. Pearson; Patrick A. Testa
Abstract: This paper shows how the migration of millions of Southern whites in the 20th century shaped the cultural and political landscape across America. Racially and religiously conservative, Southern white migrants created new electoral possibilities for a broad-based coalition with economic conservatives. With their considerable geographic scope, these migrants hastened partisan realignment and helped to catalyze and bolster a New Right movement with national influence over the long run. More than just augmenting the conservative voter base outside the South, they influenced non-Southerners by building evangelical churches, diffusing right-wing media, and mixing through intermarriage and residential integration. Tracking non-Southern households, we show that exposure to Southern white neighbors increased adoption of conservative religious norms. Overall, our findings suggest that this mass migration blurred the North–South cultural divide and reshaped the geography of conservatism in the U.S.
Keywords: Southern migration; Political realignment; New right; Cultural transmission; Evangelicalism
JEL Codes: D72; J15; J18; N32; P16
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| southern white migration (R23) | Republican vote shares (D72) |
| southern white migration (R23) | cultural transmission through social integration (Z13) |
| southern white migration (R23) | establishment of evangelical churches (Z12) |
| southern white migration (R23) | proliferation of right-wing media (P14) |
| exposure to southern white neighbors (J79) | increased adoption of conservative religious norms (Z12) |
| exposure to southern white neighbors (J79) | higher likelihood of giving children biblical names (J13) |
| southern white migration (R23) | support for segregationist candidate George Wallace (K16) |
| support for segregationist candidate George Wallace (K16) | consolidation of support for the Republican Party (D72) |