Working Paper: NBER ID: w29107
Authors: Zadia M. Feliciano; Mengting Chen
Abstract: Puerto Rico operated as a tax haven under U.S. Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 936. Firms in the pharmaceutical industry accounted for approximately 50% of tax credits awarded and 20% of employment under the program. The U.S. Congress eliminated the tax exemption program in 2006, creating a natural experiment on the elimination of corporate taxation of intangible assets. We use panel data on establishments from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages and a difference in difference methodology to measure the impact of the elimination of IRC Section 936 on pharmaceutical and medical devices using establishments with low, medium and high participation in the program as controls. Survival rates of all manufacturing establishments declined after the phaseout and elimination of the tax exemption program but pharmaceutical and medical devices establishments experienced an additional 6.9% decline. Approximately 50% of the 34% decline in pharmaceutical and medical devices establishments in Puerto Rico from 1995 to 2017 can be attributed to the elimination of IRC Section 936. Employment in pharmaceutical and medical devices establishments, which also declined by 34%, decreased at the same rate as that of other industries. Plant closings accounted for most of the decline in their employment.
Keywords: Intangible Assets; Corporate Taxes; Pharmaceutical Establishments; Puerto Rico
JEL Codes: F21; F23; H25; O14
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Elimination of IRC Section 936 (H26) | Decline in survival rates of manufacturing establishments (L69) |
| Elimination of IRC Section 936 (H26) | Decline in survival rates of pharmaceutical and medical device establishments (L65) |
| Elimination of IRC Section 936 (H26) | Decline in number of pharmaceutical and medical device establishments (L65) |
| Elimination of IRC Section 936 (H26) | Decline in employment in pharmaceutical and medical device sectors (L65) |
| Plant closings (J65) | Decline in employment in pharmaceutical and medical device sectors (L65) |