Working Paper: NBER ID: w28714
Authors: Gauthier Marchais; Christian M. Mugaruka; Raul Sanchez de la Sierra; David Qihang Wu
Abstract: We use a sharp withdrawal of the state that precipitated the emergence of a prominent militia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to analyze the role of community in the rise of militias. First, the state withdrawal drastically increased membership into the militia, predominantly driven by various social motivations and, to a much lesser extent, private economic motivations. Second, its extraordinary nature is explained by the response to the drastic rise in insecurity it created, and driven mostly by individuals’ intrinsic social motivation to protect their community, but also extrinsic social motivations such as status concerns and social pressure. Third, the response to insecurity is in part explained by elite-driven informal community institutions’ response, which engineer extrinsic social motivations and amplify pre-existing intrinsic ones. Our findings suggest that social motivations towards the community play a central role in the rise of militias, and nuance the distinction between economic and noneconomic incentives, showing that a range of social motivations, extrinsic, are engineered by community institutions to promote militia rise; given the later predatory turn of the militia, our findings emphasize how state weakness and social motivations can trigger communities to create security capacity that persists and can be later used opportunistically.
Keywords: armed groups; intrinsic motivations; victimization; parochial altruism; Congo
JEL Codes: D15; D72; D74; Z13
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| foreign armed group attacks (F51) | increased participation in Congolese militias (H56) |
| household attacks (D10) | increased likelihood of joining a militia (H56) |
| victimization experiences (K42) | formation of preferences for joining armed groups (D70) |
| attacks on household members (J12) | intrinsic motivations to fight back (D74) |
| attacks (Y60) | lasting preferences for participation in armed groups (H56) |
| victimization and state weakness (O17) | participation in armed groups (H56) |