Working Paper: NBER ID: w28401
Authors: Gaurav Khanna; Wenquan Liang; Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak; Ran Song
Abstract: Migration and pollution are two defining features of China's impressive growth performance over the last 30 years. In this paper we study the migration response to pollution in Chinese cities, and its consequences for productivity and welfare. We document a robust pattern in which skilled workers emigrate more in response to pollution than the unskilled. Their greater sensitivity to air quality holds up in cross-sectional variation across cities, panel variation with individual fixed-effects, and when instrumenting for pollution using distant power-plants upwind of cities, or thermal inversions that trap pollution. Pollution therefore changes the spatial distribution of skilled and unskilled workers, which results in higher returns to skill in cities that the educated migrate away from. We quantify the loss in aggregate productivity due to this re-sorting by estimating a model of demand and supply of skilled and unskilled workers across Chinese cities. Counterfactual simulations from the estimated model show that reducing pollution would increase productivity through spatial re-sorting by approximately as much as the direct health benefits of clean air. Physical and institutional restrictions on mobility exacerbate welfare losses. People's dislike of pollution explains a substantial portion of the wage gap between cities.
Keywords: pollution; migration; productivity; China
JEL Codes: E24; J61; O18; Q52; R12
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| migration of skilled workers (J61) | wage premium in polluted cities (J39) |
| migration of skilled workers (J61) | productivity in less polluted cities (O44) |
| migration of unskilled workers (F66) | aggregate productivity losses (E23) |
| pollution (Q53) | migration of skilled workers (J61) |
| pollution (Q53) | migration of unskilled workers (F66) |
| pollution (Q53) | aggregate productivity losses (E23) |