Working Paper: NBER ID: w28208
Authors: Ariel Goldszmidt; John A. List; Robert D. Metcalfe; Ian Muir; V. Kerry Smith; Jenny Wang
Abstract: The value of time determines relative prices of goods and services, investments, productivity, economic growth, and measurements of income inequality. Economists in the 1960s began to focus on the value of non-work time, pioneering a deep literature exploring the optimal allocation and value of time. By leveraging key features of these classic time allocation theories, we use a novel approach to estimate the value of time (VOT) via two large-scale natural field experiments with the ridesharing company Lyft. We use random variation in both wait times and prices to estimate a consumer's VOT with a data set of more than 14 million observations across consumers in U.S. cities. We find that the VOT is roughly $19 per hour (or 75% (100%) of the after-tax mean (median) wage rate) and varies predictably with choice circumstances correlated with the opportunity cost of wait time. Our VOT estimate is larger than what is currently used by the U.S. Government, suggesting that society is under-valuing time improvements and subsequently under-investing public resources in time-saving infrastructure projects and technologies.
Keywords: Value of Time; Natural Field Experiments; Ridesharing; Consumer Behavior; Public Policy
JEL Codes: D0; D1; R4
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Value of Time (VOT) (J17) | Public infrastructure project appraisals (H54) |
| Customer wait times (J29) | Value of Time (VOT) (J17) |
| Prices (D49) | Value of Time (VOT) (J17) |
| Elasticity of demand for time (J29) | Value of Time (VOT) (J17) |
| Elasticity of demand for prices (D11) | Value of Time (VOT) (J17) |
| Peak commuting hours (L91) | Value of Time (VOT) (J17) |
| Availability of substitutes (D43) | Sensitivity to time changes (C41) |