Working Paper: NBER ID: w28144
Authors: David N. F. Bell; David G. Blanchflower
Abstract: We examine well-being in Scotland using micro data from the Scottish Health Survey and the UK Annual Population Surveys. We find evidence of a midlife low in Scotland in well-being at around age fifty using a variety of measures of both happiness and unhappiness. We confirm that higher consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with higher levels of happiness in Scotland. We compare this with evidence for England from the Health Survey of England. The decline in well-being between youth and midlife is comparable in size to the loss of a spouse or of a job and around half of the fall in well-being in the COVID-19 lockdown. We also find a mid-life peak in suicides in Scotland. Despite higher mortality and suicide rates in Scotland than in England, paradoxically we find that the Scots are happier than the English. Northern Ireland is the happiest of the four home countries. We also find evidence of U-shapes in England, Wales and Northern Ireland in the mid to late forties.
Keywords: wellbeing; happiness; midlife; Scotland; fruit and vegetable consumption
JEL Codes: I31
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| age (J14) | wellbeing (I31) |
| fruit and vegetable consumption (D18) | happiness (I31) |
| midlife low in wellbeing (I31) | psychological impact of losing a spouse or job (J17) |
| age (J14) | suicide rates (I12) |
| U-shaped patterns in wellbeing (I31) | age (J14) |