Working Paper: NBER ID: w27476
Authors: Andre Nickow; Philip Oreopoulos; Vincent Quan
Abstract: Tutoring—defined here as one-on-one or small-group instructional programming by teachers, paraprofessionals, volunteers, or parents—is one of the most versatile and potentially transformative educational tools in use today. Within the past decade, dozens of preK-12 tutoring experiments have been conducted, varying widely in their approach, context, and cost. Our study represents the first systematic review and meta-analysis of these and earlier studies. We develop a framework for considering different types of programs to not only examine overall effects, but also explore how these effects vary by program characteristics and intervention context. We find that tutoring programs yield consistent and substantial positive impacts on learning outcomes, with an overall pooled effect size estimate of 0.37 SD. Effects are stronger, on average, for teacher and paraprofessional tutoring programs than for nonprofessional and parent tutoring. Effects also tend to be strongest among the earlier grades. While overall effects for reading and math interventions are similar, reading tutoring tends to yield higher effect sizes in earlier grades, while math tutoring tends to yield higher effect sizes in later grades. Tutoring programs conducted during school tend to have larger impacts than those conducted after school.
Keywords: tutoring; education; meta-analysis; learning outcomes
JEL Codes: I21; J24
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Tutoring interventions (A21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Teacher and paraprofessional tutoring programs (I21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Nonprofessional and parent tutoring (I21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Tutoring provides additional instructional time (A21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| School hours tutoring (I21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| After-school tutoring (I21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Grade level (earlier grades) (A21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Reading tutoring (earlier grades) (A21) | Learning outcomes (G53) |
| Math tutoring (later grades) (C02) | Learning outcomes (G53) |