Working Paper: NBER ID: w26718
Authors: Katherine Meckel; Maya Rossin-Slater; Lindsey M. Uniati
Abstract: In many U.S. public programs, the government contracts with private firms to deliver in-kind benefits to recipients. These public-private partnerships generate agency problems that could drive up costs and lower program efficiency, but cost containment regulations may discourage firm participation and reduce access among eligible households. We examine these trade-offs in the context of California’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), which provides vouchers to low-income pregnant women and children under five to obtain free food packages from private vendors, and has complex rules about eligible products. We use variation from a 2012 cost containment reform, which resulted in a 55 percent drop in the number of small vendors, and examine how local access to small vendors affects WIC take-up among pregnant women. We find that within-ZIP-code access to small vendors raises the likelihood of WIC take-up among first-time mothers, and that this effect is stronger for foreign-born than U.S.-born women and exists even for mothers who also have access to a larger WIC vendor. Our findings suggest that small vendors are uniquely effective at lowering barriers to take-up among subgroups of women with high program learning costs, and that cost containment reforms, which frequently target these vendors, may have unintended consequences of inequitably reducing program access.
Keywords: WIC; cost containment; in-kind benefits; public policy; vendor access
JEL Codes: H40; I18; I38
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Presence of small non-a50 WIC vendor in a mother's zip code during pregnancy (J13) | Likelihood of WIC benefit receipt (I38) |
| Presence of small non-a50 WIC vendor in a mother's zip code during pregnancy (J13) | Likelihood of WIC benefit receipt among first-time mothers (I38) |
| Presence of small non-a50 WIC vendor in a mother's zip code during pregnancy (J13) | Likelihood of WIC benefit receipt among foreign-born first-time mothers (J79) |
| Presence of small non-a50 WIC vendor in a mother's zip code during pregnancy (J13) | Likelihood of WIC benefit receipt among U.S.-born mothers (I38) |
| Presence of a50 WIC vendor in a mother's zip code during pregnancy (J13) | Likelihood of WIC benefit receipt (I38) |