Working Paper: NBER ID: w26703
Authors: Cher Hsuehhsiang Li; Basit Zafar
Abstract: Using administrative data from a large 4-year public university, we show that male students are 18.6 percent more likely than female students to receive favorable grade changes initiated by instructors. These gender differences cannot be explained by observable characteristics of the students, instructors, and the classes. To understand the mechanisms underlying these gendered outcomes, we conduct surveys of students and instructors, which reveal that regrade requests are prevalent, and that male students are more likely than female students to ask for regrades on the intensive margin. Finally, we corroborate the gender differences in regrade requests in an incentivized controlled experiment where participants receive noisy signals of their performance, and where they can ask for regrades: we find that males have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) to ask for regrades. Because students' payoff depends on their final grade and the cost of regrades, male students' higher propensity to ask for regrades makes them financially better off only when the cost is low. Males are more likely than females to become financially worse off when the regrade cost is high. Almost half of the gender difference in the WTP is due to gender differences in confidence, uncertainty in beliefs about ability, and the Big Five personality traits.
Keywords: gender differences; regrades; college; academic outcomes; negotiation
JEL Codes: C40; C91; J01; J16
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| gender differences in asking behavior (J16) | regrade outcomes (C29) |
| male students are more likely to initiate requests for regrades (C92) | regrade outcomes (C29) |
| male students' higher propensity to ask for regrades (D29) | better outcomes (I14) |
| males have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) to ask for regrades (D29) | regrade outcomes (C29) |
| confidence and uncertainty about ability (D80) | gender difference in WTP (J16) |