Working Paper: NBER ID: w26528
Authors: Kenneth Lee; Edward Miguel; Catherine Wolfram
Abstract: In recent years, electrification has re-emerged as a key priority in low-income countries, with a particular focus on electrifying households. Yet the microeconomic literature examining the impacts of electrifying households on economic development has produced a set of conflicting results. Does household electrification lead to measurable gains in living standards or not? Focusing on grid electrification, we discuss how the divergent conclusions across the literature can be explained by differences in methods, interventions, potential for spillovers, and populations. We then use experimental data from Lee, Miguel, and Wolfram (2019) — a field experiment that connected randomly-selected households to the grid in rural Kenya — to show that impacts can vary even across individuals in neighboring villages. Specifically, we show that households that were willing to pay more for a grid electrification may gain more from electrification compared to households that would only connect for free. We conclude that access to household electrification alone is not enough to drive meaningful gains in development outcomes. Instead, future initiatives may work better if paired with complementary inputs that allow people to do more with power.
Keywords: Household Electrification; Economic Development; Rural Kenya; Randomized Controlled Trials
JEL Codes: O13; Q40
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Local economic conditions (R11) | Economic outcomes (F69) |
| Household characteristics (D19) | Economic outcomes (F69) |
| Willingness to pay for grid connections (L97) | Economic outcomes (F69) |
| Electrification (L94) | Labor supply (J22) |
| Electrification (L94) | Education (I29) |
| Electrification (L94) | Living standards (I31) |