Working Paper: NBER ID: w26265
Authors: Richard Holden; Anup Malani
Abstract: Blockchain technology offers firms a novel method of raising capital, via so-called Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). In the most novel form of an ICO, a firm creates digital assets called “utility tokens” that are tracked on a blockchain-based ledger; requires that its product be purchased only with those tokens; and then raises capital by selling these tokens to investors prior to creating any saleable product. We point out a fundamental paradox with the use of ICOs involving utility tokens. Requiring the use of utility tokens to purchase the firm's product increases the cost of that product by an amount proportional to the cost of running the blockchain that tracks the utility token. In order to increase product revenue—and thus capital raised via an ICO—the firm will want to reduce these blockchain-operating costs. Doing so, however, increases the number of utility-token transactions that take place in any time interval, i.e., increases token velocity and thus the effective supply of tokens. By Fisher's equation, this lowers the dollar value of tokens and thus the amount investors are willing to pay for them. This paradox limits the value of utility-token ICOs. We discuss alternatives to and variations of utility tokens that can mitigate the conundrum.
Keywords: Initial Coin Offerings; Utility Tokens; Blockchain; Token Velocity; Economic Model
JEL Codes: G12; G32; L1; L11
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Increase in blockchain operating costs (E42) | Increase in product costs (L11) |
| Increase in product costs (L11) | Decrease in token value (E42) |
| Increase in blockchain operating costs (E42) | Decrease in token value (E42) |
| Increase in token velocity (E41) | Decrease in token value (E42) |
| Decrease in blockchain operating costs (D23) | Increase in token velocity (E41) |
| Lowering blockchain operating costs leads to increased token velocity (D61) | Decrease in token value (E42) |