Working Paper: NBER ID: w25864
Authors: Barbara M. Fraumeni; Michael S. Christian
Abstract: This paper covers a continuous and longer time period than previously possible to examine human and market capital because of research by Christian (2017). This paper focuses on the presentation and analysis of trends in human capital by gender. During 1975-2012 there were significant changes in participation by women, the wage gender gap, and educational attainment and time in household production by both women and men. Both the market and nonmarket sectors will be covered as well as multifactor productivity with and without human capital. (A previous paper (Fraumeni, et al. 2017) described the national income accounting system which underlies both this paper and the much earlier paper by Jorgenson and Fraumeni (1989).) New insights will be gained by looking in detail at the 1975-2012 time period.
Keywords: Human Capital; Market Capital; Gender; Labor Force Participation; Economic Growth
JEL Codes: I26; J16; J22; J24; O47
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| increased female labor force participation (J21) | narrowing wage gender gap (J31) |
| narrowing wage gender gap (J31) | overall economic growth (O49) |
| increased female labor force participation (J21) | overall economic growth (O49) |
| changes in educational attainment (female) (I24) | improvements in labor market outcomes (J48) |
| human capital investment (market and nonmarket) (J24) | GPDP growth (O49) |
| growth of human capital stock (particularly among women) (O15) | economic performance (P17) |