Working Paper: NBER ID: w25847
Authors: Chelsea J. Richwine; Avi Dor; Ali Moghtaderi
Abstract: Nonmedical exemptions are widely shown to be associated with outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. In response to a recent measles outbreak in 2015, California acted to increase immunization coverage by removing all nonmedical exemptions effective in 2016. Employing a unique dataset of county-level vaccination and exemption rates at Kindergarten entry, we exploit the recent policy change in California to estimate the impact of the repeal of nonmedical exemptions on immunization coverage for school-mandated vaccines. Relative to a diverse group of control states, our findings indicate that vaccination coverage increased for all required vaccines following the repeal, ranging from 2.5% for MMR to 5% for Polio. We also find a significant 3.4 percentage-point decline in nonmedical exemptions, accompanied by a 2.1 percentage-point increase in medical exemptions in counties that previously had high rates of nonmedical waivers. Our findings indicate that the repeal of nonmedical exemptions in California was only partially effective in improving vaccination coverage, and may have led parents to substitute between medical and nonmedical exemptions, leading to a net decline in total exemptions of just 1 percentage-point.
Keywords: immunization; vaccination coverage; nonmedical exemptions; public health
JEL Codes: I10; I12; I18
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Repeal of nonmedical exemptions (I19) | Increase in vaccination rates (I14) |
| Repeal of nonmedical exemptions (I19) | Decrease in nonmedical exemptions (I19) |
| Repeal of nonmedical exemptions (I19) | Increase in medical exemptions (I19) |
| Increase in vaccination rates (I14) | Decrease in total exemptions (H26) |
| Repeal of nonmedical exemptions (I19) | Changes in vaccination rates and exemption rates (I18) |