Working Paper: NBER ID: w25605
Authors: Resul Cesur; Pinar Mine Gunes; Erdal Tekin; Aydogan Ulker
Abstract: This paper examines the effect of a nationwide healthcare reform implemented in Turkey on women’s fertility decisions. The Family Medicine Program (FMP), introduced in 2005, provided a wide-range of primary healthcare services, free of charge, and achieved universal access by matching each citizen to a specific family physician, who operates at neighborhood clinics, called Family Health Centers, on a walk-in basis. Although reducing fertility was not specified among the goals of the reform, reproductive-health and family-planning services have been covered under the FMP. To establish causality, we exploit the staggered rollout of the FMP implementation across Turkish provinces over time using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy. Our estimates indicate that the FMP significantly reduced childbearing among both teenagers and women ages 20-29. These results can be explained by increased access to and reduced cost of reproductive-health and family-planning services. However, the patterns in which the program effect has evolved over time differs between the two groups of women in a way that provides additional insights about the mechanisms. For teenagers, the FMP had a direct effect on childbearing, reflected by an immediate and rapidly-increasing pattern, which is not surprising given the broad agreement about the negative consequences of teenage childbearing among government and public health officials, including those in Turkey. For women ages 20-29, however, the program had a gradual and slowly-increasing effect, which is consistent with an empowerment channel. This should be interpreted as an unintended consequence of the program because, if anything, Turkey is a country where the government’s position is to encourage fertility behavior and discourage birth control practices among women at prime childbearing ages.
Keywords: Healthcare Reform; Fertility Decisions; Turkey; Family Medicine Program
JEL Codes: I10; I12; I13; I18; J13
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Family Medicine Program (FMP) (I19) | fertility rates (J13) |
| Family Medicine Program (FMP) (I19) | childbearing among teenagers (J13) |
| Family Medicine Program (FMP) (I19) | childbearing among women aged 20-29 (J13) |
| Family Medicine Program (FMP) (I19) | decrease in childbearing costs (J13) |
| Family Medicine Program (FMP) (I19) | improved access to family planning (J13) |