Working Paper: NBER ID: w23517
Authors: Inas Rashad Kelly
Abstract: Direct medical costs associated with falls have been shown to be $34 billion in 2013, an underestimate since full costs are not factored in. Using the 1998-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study and several econometric methods to address the endogeneity of falls, this study seeks to answer the question of how much worse physical and mental health outcomes are for individuals who fall compared to their steadier counterparts. Results across various specifications suggest that falling leads to lower activities of daily living, more depression, and more psychological problems. It leads to greater probabilities of being in poor health, having heart problems, and having a stroke. These results survive several robustness checks.
Keywords: falls; health outcomes; older adults; econometric methods
JEL Codes: I1
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Falling (Y60) | Probability of being in good health (I12) |
| Falling (Y60) | Likelihood of having heart disease (I12) |
| Falling (Y60) | Probability of having a stroke (C46) |
| Falling (Y60) | Depression levels (CES-D scale) (I32) |
| Falling (Y60) | Probability of being in good health (I12) |
| Falling (Y60) | Difficulties in activities of daily living (ADL) (J14) |