Working Paper: NBER ID: w22263
Authors: Claudia Persico; David Figlio; Jeffrey Roth
Abstract: Millions of tons of hazardous wastes have been produced in the United States in the last 60 years which have been dispersed into the air, into water, and on and under the ground. Using new population-level data that follows cohorts of children born in the state of Florida between 1994 and 2002, this paper examines the short and long-term effects of prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants on children living within two miles of a Superfund site, toxic waste sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency as being particularly severe. We compare siblings living within two miles from a Superfund site at birth where at least one sibling was conceived before or during cleanup of the site, and the other(s) was conceived after the site cleanup was completed using a family fixed effects model. Children conceived to mothers living within 2 miles of a Superfund site before it was cleaned are 7.4 percentage points more likely to repeat a grade, have 0.06 of a standard deviation lower test scores, and are 6.6 percentage points more likely to be suspended from school than their siblings who were conceived after the site was cleaned. Children conceived to mothers living within one mile of a Superfund site before it was cleaned are 10 percentage points more likely to be diagnosed with a cognitive disability than their later born siblings as well. These results tend to be larger and are more statistically significant than the estimated effects of proximity to a Superfund site on birth outcomes. This study suggests that the cleanup of severe toxic waste sites has significant positive effects on a variety of long-term cognitive and developmental outcomes for children.
Keywords: environmental toxicants; cognitive outcomes; superfund sites; prenatal exposure; child development
JEL Codes: I20; I24; Q53
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants (F64) | children's cognitive outcomes (I21) |
| Conception timing relative to cleanup (C41) | cognitive outcomes (D91) |
| Prenatal exposure to environmental toxicants (F64) | likelihood to repeat a grade (I21) |
| Children conceived before cleanup (J13) | cognitive impairment (D91) |
| Children conceived before cleanup (J13) | behavioral incidents at school (I28) |
| Children conceived before cleanup (J13) | likelihood of cognitive disability (I12) |