Working Paper: NBER ID: w21621
Authors: Steven Berry; Alon Eizenberg; Joel Waldfogel
Abstract: A vast theoretical literature shows that inefficient market structures may arise in free entry equilibria. The inefficiency may manifest itself in the number, variety, or quality of products. Previous empirical work demonstrated that excessive entry may obtain in local radio markets. Our paper extends that literature by relaxing the assumption that stations are symmetric, allowing instead for endogenous station differentiation along both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Importantly, we allow station quality to be an unobserved station characteristic. We compute the optimal market structures in local radio markets and find that, in most broadcasting formats, a social planner who takes into account the welfare of market participants (stations and advertisers) would eliminate 50%-60% of the stations observed in equilibrium. In 80%-95% of markets that have high quality stations in the observed equilibrium, welfare could be unambiguously improved by converting one such station into low quality broadcasting. In contrast, it is never unambiguously welfare-enhancing to convert an observed low quality station into a high quality one. This suggests local over-provision of quality in the observed equilibrium, in addition to the finding of excessive entry.
Keywords: Product Variety; Radio Markets; Market Structure; Excessive Entry
JEL Codes: L1; L11; L13; L82
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Reduction in the number of radio stations (L96) | Optimization of market welfare (D69) |
| Excessive entry (Y60) | Welfare improvement (I38) |
| Conversion of high-quality station to low-quality (L15) | Welfare improvement (I38) |
| Conversion of low-quality station to high-quality (L15) | Welfare enhancement (I38) |
| Observed market structure (D49) | Indication of excessive entry (Y60) |