Working Paper: NBER ID: w19554
Authors: Daniel L. Millimet; Rusty Tchernis
Abstract: Rates of childhood obesity have increased dramatically in the last few decades. Non-causal evidence suggests that childhood obesity is highly persistent over the life cycle. However little in known about the origins of this persistence. In this paper we attempt to answer three questions. First, how do anthropometric measures evolve from birth through primary school? Second, what is the causal effect of past anthropometric outcomes on future anthropometric outcomes? In other words, how important is state dependence in the evolution of anthropometric measures during the early part of the life cycle. Third, how important are time-varying and time invariant factors in the dynamics of childhood anthropometric measures? We find that anthropometric measures are highly persistent from infancy through primary school. Moreover, most of this persistence is driven by unobserved, time invariant factors that are determined prior to birth, consistent with the so-called fetal origins hypothesis. As such, policy interventions designed to improve child anthropometric status will only have meaningful, long-run effects if these time invariant factors are altered. Unfortunately, future research is needed to identify such factors, although evidence suggests that maternal nutrition may play an important role.
Keywords: Childhood obesity; Anthropometric measures; Fetal origins hypothesis
JEL Codes: C23; I12; I18
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| maternal nutrition (J13) | anthropometric measures (weight, height, BMI) (I32) |
| unobserved factors (C29) | effectiveness of interventions (I24) |
| unobserved time-invariant factors determined prior to birth (J19) | anthropometric measures (weight, height, BMI) (I32) |
| past anthropometric status (O15) | future anthropometric status (J11) |
| state dependence (C62) | long-run effects of early interventions (I21) |