Poverty and Self-Control

Working Paper: NBER ID: w18742

Authors: B. Douglas Bernheim; Debraj Ray; Sevin Yeltekin

Abstract: The absence of self-control is often viewed as an important correlate of persistent poverty. Using a standard intertemporal allocation problem with credit constraints faced by an individual with quasi- hyperbolic preferences, we argue that poverty damages the ability to exercise self-control. Our theory invokes George Ainslie's notion of "personal rules," interpreted as subgame-perfect equilibria of an intrapersonal game played by a time-inconsistent decision maker. Our main result pertains to situations in which the individual is neither so patient that accumulation is possible from every asset level, nor so impatient that decumulation is unavoidable from every asset level. Such cases always possess a threshold level of assets above which personal rules support unbounded accumulation, and a second threshold below which there is a "poverty trap": no personal rule permits the individual to avoid depleting all liquid wealth. In short, poverty perpetuates itself by undermining the ability to exercise self-control. Thus even temporary policies designed to help the poor accumulate assets may be highly effective. We also explore the implications for saving with easier access to credit, the demand for commitment devices, the design of accounts to promote saving, and the variation of the marginal propensity to consume across classes of resource claims.

Keywords: poverty; self-control; intertemporal choice; behavioral economics

JEL Codes: C61; C63; D31; D91; H31; I3; O12

Causal Claims

Cause	Effect
Poverty (I32)	Low Self-Control (D91)
Low Asset Levels (G33)	Low Self-Control (D91)
Low Self-Control (D91)	Poverty (I32)
Threshold of Assets (D14)	Self-Control (D91)
Higher Asset Levels (G19)	Improved Self-Control (D91)
Low Assets (G33)	Asset Depletion (Q31)
Inability to Implement Personal Rules (D10)	Accumulation (E22)