Working Paper: NBER ID: w18701
Authors: Richard J. Murnane
Abstract: I survey the evidence on patterns in U.S. high school graduation rates over the period 1970-2010 and report the results of new research conducted to fill in holes in the evidence. I begin by pointing out the strengths and limitations of existing data sources. I then describe six striking patterns in graduation rates. They include stagnation over the last three decades of the twentieth century, significant race-, income-, and gender-based gaps, and significant increases in graduation rates over the first decade of the twenty-first century, especially among blacks and Hispanics. I then describe the models economists use to explain the decisions of individuals to invest in schooling, and examine the extent to which the parameters of the models explain recent patterns in graduation rates. I find that increases in the nonmonetary costs of completing high school and the increasing availability of the GED credential help to explain stagnation in the face of substantial gaps between the wages of high school graduates and school dropouts. I point out that there are several hypotheses, but to date, very little evidence to explain the increases in high school graduation rates over the first decade of the twenty-first century. I conclude by reviewing the evidence on effective strategies to increase high school graduation rates, and explaining why the causal evidence is quite modest.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: C81; I21; I24; J15; J16; J24; J31
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| increased nonmonetary costs of completing high school (I21) | stagnation of graduation rates (I24) |
| rising availability of the GED credential (I24) | stagnation of graduation rates (I24) |
| increased nonmonetary costs of completing high school and rising availability of the GED credential (I21) | fewer students persisted to graduation (D29) |
| stagnation of graduation rates (I24) | lack of robust evidence explaining recent increases in graduation rates from 2000 to 2010 (I24) |