Working Paper: NBER ID: w18258
Authors: Pter Hudomiet; Robert J. Willis
Abstract: Based on subjective survival probability questions in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we use an econometric model to estimate the determinants of individual-level uncertainty about personal longevity. This model is built around the Modal Response Hypothesis (MRH), a mathematical expression of the idea that survey responses of 0, 50 or 100 percent to probability questions indicate a high level of uncertainty about the relevant probability. We show that subjective survival expectations in 2002 line up very well with realized mortality of the HRS respondents between 2002 and 2010. We show that the MRH model performs better than typically used models in the literature of subjective probabilities. Our model gives more accurate estimates of low probability events and it is able to predict the unusually high fraction of focal 0, 50 and 100 answers observed in many datasets on subjective probabilities. We show that subjects place too much weight on parents' age at death when forming expectations about their own longevity, while other covariates such as demographics, cognition, personality, subjective health and health behavior are underweighted. We also find that less educated people, smokers and women have less certain beliefs; and recent health shocks increase uncertainty about survival, too.
Keywords: subjective survival probabilities; modal response hypothesis; uncertainty; mortality risks
JEL Codes: C11; J1
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| subjective survival expectations (J17) | actual mortality outcomes (I12) |
| familial mortality (J17) | personal survival beliefs (D14) |
| demographic variables (J10) | certainty of beliefs about survival (D80) |
| recent health shocks (I12) | uncertainty regarding survival (D81) |