Working Paper: NBER ID: w18130
Authors: Enrico Spolaore; Romain Wacziarg
Abstract: The empirical literature on economic growth and development has moved from the study of proximate determinants to the analysis of ever deeper, more fundamental factors, rooted in long-term history. A growing body of new empirical work focuses on the measurement and estimation of the effects of historical variables on contemporary income by explicitly taking into account the ancestral composition of current populations. The evidence suggests that economic development is affected by traits that have been transmitted across generations over the very long run. This article surveys this new literature and provides a framework to discuss different channels through which intergenerationally transmitted characteristics may impact economic development, biologically (via genetic or epigenetic transmission) and culturally (via behavioral or symbolic transmission). An important issue is whether historically transmitted traits have affected development through their direct impact on productivity, or have operated indirectly as barriers to the diffusion of productivity-enhancing innovations across populations.
Keywords: economic development; historical factors; geography; intergenerational transmission
JEL Codes: N10; O1; O33; O4; O5; O57
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| historical factors (B15) | contemporary income (E25) |
| geographic factors (R12) | productivity (O49) |
| geographic factors (R12) | income per capita (D31) |
| historically transmitted traits (B15) | productivity (O49) |
| historically transmitted traits (B15) | barriers to diffusion of innovations (O35) |
| geographic conditions (R12) | productivity (O49) |
| ancestral composition (Q29) | economic development (O29) |