Working Paper: NBER ID: w18098
Authors: Stephen P. Holland; Michael R. Moore
Abstract: Cap and trade programs have considerable heterogeneity in permit validity and compliance timing. For example, permits have different validity across time (e.g., banking, borrowing, and seasons) and space (e.g., zonal restrictions), and compliance timing can be annual, in overlapping cycles, or in multi-year periods. We compare and contrast nine prominent cap and trade programs along these dimensions and construct a general model of permit validity and compliance timing. We derive sufficient conditions under which abatement is invariant to compliance timing, i.e., compliance timing cannot smooth abatement cost shocks. Under these conditions, i) expected compliance costs are invariant, ii) the variance of compliance costs increases with delayed compliance, iii) equilibrium prices may not be unique, and iv) the delayed compliance equilibrium may rely upon non-unique, "degenerate" prices not determined by marginal abatement costs. Degenerate prices are unlikely to be discovered by market forces. We then present two examples which are not invariant to compliance timing. If permit allocation is delayed or if a price cap is implemented with a reserve fund, abatement may depend on compliance timing. We demonstrate the model's broad applicability by illustrating different types of temporal and spatial permit validity.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: H4; Q4; Q5
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Abatement costs are invariant to compliance timing (Q52) | Compliance timing does not smooth abatement cost shocks (Q52) |
| Current price equals expected future price (D41) | Abatement costs are invariant to compliance timing (Q52) |
| Delayed compliance (H26) | Variance of compliance costs increases (Q52) |
| Delayed compliance (H26) | Compliance costs are invariant (D10) |
| Equilibrium prices may not be unique (D59) | Nonunique degenerate prices are not determined by marginal abatement costs (D40) |
| Delayed compliance affects abatement decisions (Q52) | Permit allocation is delayed or price cap is implemented with reserve fund (D45) |