Working Paper: NBER ID: w17508
Authors: Raquel Fernández; Joyce Cheng Wong
Abstract: Women born in 1935 went to college significantly less than their male counterparts and married women's labor force participation (LFP) averaged 40% between the ages of thirty and forty. The cohort born twenty years later behaved very differently. The education gender gap was eliminated and married women's LFP averaged 70% over the same ages. In order to evaluate the quantitative contributions of the many significant changes in the economic environment, family structure, and social norms that occurred over this period, this paper develops a dynamic life-cycle model calibrated to data relevant to the 1935 cohort. We find that the higher probability of divorce and the changes in wage structure faced by the 1955 cohort are each able to explain, in isolation, a large proportion (about 60%) of the observed changes in female LFP. After combining all economic and family structure changes, we find that a simple change in preferences towards work can account for the remaining change in LFP. To eliminate the education gender gap requires, on the other hand, for the psychic cost of obtaining higher education to change asymmetrically for women versus men.
Keywords: gender gap; labor force participation; education choices; divorce; wages
JEL Codes: D91; E2; J12; J16; J22; Z1
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| higher probability of divorce faced by the 1955 cohort (J12) | women's decisions to participate in the labor force (J21) |
| changes in wage structure (J31) | women's decisions to participate in the labor force (J21) |
| change in preferences towards work (J29) | women's decisions to participate in the labor force (J21) |
| higher probability of divorce faced by the 1955 cohort (J12) | observed changes in female labor force participation (J21) |
| changes in wage structure (J31) | observed changes in female labor force participation (J21) |
| change in preferences towards work (J29) | observed changes in female labor force participation (J21) |