Working Paper: NBER ID: w16838
Authors: Daniel Treisman
Abstract: Whether the danger invoked is nuclear war or genetically modified foods, far more people in some countries than in others say they are afraid. Using data from six surveys, I show that the levels of reported fear of different dangers correlate strongly across both individuals and countries. I construct indexes of fearfulness for 15-25 countries and map the prevalence of fear in Western Europe. About two thirds of the crossnational variation within Europe can be explained by differences in pessimism--the degree to which respondents exaggerate the likelihood of disasters. Among the countries for which I have data, the most robust correlates of fearfulness relate to countries' religious traditions. Fear tends to be higher in countries where more people believe in Hell and where fewer believe in Heaven.
Keywords: fear; cultural traditions; pessimism; well-being
JEL Codes: D80; N30; Z10; Z12
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Cultural and religious traditions (Z12) | Levels of fear (D91) |
| Belief in hell (Z12) | Levels of fear (D91) |
| Belief in heaven (Z12) | Levels of fear (D91) |
| Perception of risk (D81) | Levels of fear (D91) |
| Levels of fear (D91) | Individual well-being (I31) |
| Actual dangers (H84) | Levels of fear (D91) |