Working Paper: NBER ID: w16661
Authors: Murray Leibbrandt; James Levinsohn
Abstract: This paper uses national household survey data to examine changes in real per capita incomes in South Africa between 1993 and 2008; the start and the end of the first fifteen years of post-apartheid South Africa. These data show an increase in average per capita real incomes across the distribution. Over this period growth has been shared, albeit unequally, across almost the entire spectrum of incomes. However, kernel density estimations make clear that these real income changes are not dramatic and inequality has increased. We conduct a series of semi-parametric decompositions in order to understand the role of endowments and changes in the returns to these endowments in driving these observed changes in the income distribution. This analysis highlights the positive role played by changes in endowments such as access to education and social services over the period. If these endowment changes were all that changed in South Africa over the post-apartheid period, we would have seen a pervasive rightward shift of the distribution of per capita real incomes. In the rest of the paper we explore why this did not happen.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: O12
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Changes in endowments (O49) | Changes in average per capita real incomes (D31) |
| Changes in endowments (O49) | Changes in income distribution (D31) |
| Child support grant (CSG) (I38) | Incomes for poorer households (D31) |
| Improvements in education and social services (I24) | Increases in real incomes (D31) |
| Changes in returns to endowments (I26) | Changes in income distribution (D31) |
| Improvements in education and social services (I24) | Generalized increases in real incomes (F62) |