Working Paper: NBER ID: w15796
Authors: Sara Markowitz; Erik Nesson; Joshua Robinson
Abstract: The seasonal influenza virus afflicts millions of people in the U.S. population each year, imposing significant costs on those who fall ill, their families, employers, and the health care system. The flu is transmitted via droplet spread or close contact, and certain environments, such as schools or offices, promote transmission. In this paper, we examine whether increases in employment are associated with increased incidence of the flu. We use state-level data on the prevalence of the flu from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In our preferred specification, we find that a one percentage point increase in the employment rate increases the number of influenza related doctor visits by about 16 percent, and these effects are highly pronounced in the retail sector and healthcare sector, the sectors with the highest levels of interpersonal contact.
Keywords: Influenza; Employment; Public Health; Epidemiology
JEL Codes: I00; J00
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Employment Rate (J68) | Flu-related Doctor Visits (I19) |
| Employment Rate (J68) | Influenza Infection Rates (E31) |
| Flu-related Doctor Visits (I19) | Influenza Infection Rates (E31) |
| Employment Rate (J68) | Close Contact Frequency (L96) |
| Close Contact Frequency (L96) | Influenza Virus Transmission (F42) |