Working Paper: NBER ID: w15630
Authors: Andrew Levin; John B. Taylor
Abstract: This paper documents the evolution of long-run inflation expectations and models the stance of monetary policy from 1965 to 1980. A host of survey-based measures and financial market data indicate that long-run inflation expectations rose markedly from 1965 to 1969, leveled off in the mid-1970s, and then rose at an alarming pace from 1977 to 1980. While previous studies have shown that the trajectory of the federal funds rate over that period is not well-represented by a Taylor rule with a constant inflation goal, our analysis indicates that the path of policy can be characterized by a reaction function with two breaks in the intercept--in 1970 and 1976--that correspond to discrete shifts in an implicit inflation goal. This reaction function implies that a series of stop-start episodes occurred in 1968-70, 1974-76, and 1979-80. In each episode, policy fell behind the curve by allowing a pickup in inflation before tightening belatedly, and then the subsequent contraction in economic activity led to policy easing before inflation had been brought back down to its previous level. The evidence presented in this paper raises serious doubts about several prominent theories of the Great Inflation and suggests that a simple rule with an explicit inflation goal could serve as a useful benchmark for avoiding its recurrence.
Keywords: monetary policy; inflation expectations; great inflation
JEL Codes: E31; E52
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Monetary policy actions (E52) | long-run inflation expectations (E31) |
| Federal Reserve's failure to adequately tighten policy (E52) | rise in long-run inflation expectations (1965-1969) (E31) |
| Stop-start episodes of monetary policy (E63) | economic contractions (E32) |
| economic contractions (E32) | further easing of policy (E52) |
| Implicit inflation objective shifted upwards (1970, 1976) (E31) | significant rise in long-run inflation expectations (E31) |
| Policy actions were reactive (E65) | loss of confidence among investors regarding Fed's commitment to controlling inflation (E31) |
| Transition from stable inflation expectations (early 1960s) (E31) | marked increase in expectations (late 1970s) (D84) |