Working Paper: NBER ID: w1540
Authors: Richard H. Steckel; Richard A. Jensen
Abstract: This paper measures and analyzes death rates that prevailed in the Atlantic slave trade during the late 1700s. Crew members died primarily from fevers (probably malaria) and slaves died primarily from gastrointestinal diseases. Annual death rates in this activity were 230 per thousand among the crew and 83 per thousand among slaves. The lack of immunitiesto the African disease environment contributed to the high death rates among the crew. The spread of dysentery among slaves during the voyage was probably exacerbated by congestion and poor nutrition. Death rates differed systematically by region of origin in Africa and season of the year. There was little interaction between the incidence of slave and crew deaths. The high death rates make the slave trade a demographic laboratory for study of health and mortality and an economic laboratory for study of markets for free labor.
Keywords: slave trade; mortality; disease; crew; slaves
JEL Codes: N3; J7
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| fevers (likely malaria) (I12) | crew mortality (J17) |
| gastrointestinal diseases (I12) | slave mortality (J47) |
| health status (I12) | crew mortality (J17) |
| poor nutrition and congestion (I14) | spread of dysentery among slaves (I12) |
| region of origin (R23) | mortality rates (I12) |
| season (Y60) | mortality rates (I12) |
| loading and early voyage periods (L90) | mortality rates (I12) |
| crowding (C92) | gastrointestinal diseases among slaves (I12) |