Working Paper: NBER ID: w15016
Authors: Steven D. Levitt; John A. List
Abstract: The "Hawthorne effect," a concept familiar to all students of social science, has had a profound influence both on the direction and design of research over the past 75 years. The Hawthorne effect is named after a landmark set of studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant in the 1920s. The first and most influential of these studies is known as the "Illumination Experiment." Both academics and popular writers commonly summarize the results as showing that every change in light, even those that made the room dimmer, had the effect of increasing productivity. The data from the illumination experiments, however, were never formally analyzed and were thought to have been destroyed. Our research has uncovered these data. We find that existing descriptions of supposedly remarkable data patterns prove to be entirely fictional. There are, however, hints of more subtle manifestations of a Hawthorne effect in the original data.
Keywords: Hawthorne effect; illumination experiments; productivity; industrial psychology
JEL Codes: A0; C91; C92; C93; D03; L22
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Lighting changes (Y20) | Productivity (O49) |
| Experimentation periods (C90) | Productivity (O49) |
| Natural light changes (C22) | Productivity (O49) |
| Lighting changes (Y20) | Seasonal variations (C22) |
| Lighting changes (Y20) | Other confounding factors (C39) |
| Productivity (O49) | Hawthorne effect (C92) |