Working Paper: NBER ID: w12199
Authors: Thomas S. Dee; Brian A. Jacob
Abstract: State requirements that high school graduates pass exit exams were the leading edge of the movement towards standards-based reform and continue to be adopted and refined by states today. In this study, we present new empirical evidence on how exit exams influenced educational attainment and labor market experiences using data from the 2000 Census and the National Center for Education Statistics' Common Core of Data (CCD). Our results suggest that the effects of these reforms have been heterogeneous. For example, our analysis of the Census data suggests that exit exams significantly reduced the probability of completing high school, particularly for black students. Similarly, our analysis of grade-level dropout data from the CCD indicates that Minnesota's recent exit exam increased the dropout rate in urban and high-poverty school districts as well as in those with a relatively large concentration of minority students. This increased risk of dropping out was concentrated among 12th grade students. However, we also found that Minnesota's exit exam lowered the dropout rate in low-poverty and suburban school districts, particularly among students in the 10th and 11th grades. These results suggest that exit exams have the capacity to improve student and school performance but also appear to have exacerbated the inequality in educational attainment.
Keywords: high school exit exams; educational attainment; labor market performance
JEL Codes: I2; J3
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| high school exit exams (EEs) (I21) | high school completion (I21) |
| high school exit exams (EEs) (I21) | dropout rates (black students) (I21) |
| high school exit exams (EEs) (I21) | dropout rates (urban, high-poverty districts) (I21) |
| high school exit exams (EEs) (I21) | dropout rates (low-poverty, suburban districts) (I21) |
| high school exit exams (EEs) (I21) | educational attainment inequalities (I24) |