Working Paper: NBER ID: w10902
Authors: Dora L. Costa
Abstract: This paper uses the records of the Union Army to compare the older age mortality experience of the first black and white cohorts who reached middle and late ages in the twentieth century. Blacks faced a greater risk of death from all causes, especially in large cities, from infectious and parasitic diseases, from genito-urinary disease, and from heart disease, particularly valvular heart disease. Blacks' greater risk of death was the result both of the worse conditions in which they lived at the time of their deaths and of their lifelong poorer nutritional status and higher incidence of infectious disease. Compared to the 1821-40 black cohort, the 1841-50 black cohort was both under greater stress at a young age and had higher older age mortality rates.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: J15; N31
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| worse living conditions (I39) | increased mortality risk for blacks (I14) |
| 1841-1850 black cohort (J79) | greater stress and higher mortality rates (I12) |
| race (J15) | mortality rates (I12) |
| being black (J15) | higher mortality rates (I12) |
| age, sex, cohort, and region of birth (J11) | controls for mortality rates (I12) |
| urbanization (R11) | higher mortality risk for blacks (I14) |
| black veterans in large cities (J45) | higher odds of death than white counterparts (I14) |