Working Paper: NBER ID: w10311
Authors: Robert W. Fogel
Abstract: Longitudinal studies support the proposition that the extent and severity of chronic conditions in middle and late ages are to a large extent the outcome of environmental insults at early ages, including in utero. Data from the Early Indicators program project undertaken at the Center for Population Economics suggest that the range of differences in exposure to disease has narrowed greatly over the course of the twentieth century, that age-specific prevalence rates of chronic diseases were much lower at the end of the twentieth century than they were at the beginning of the last century or during the last half of the nineteenth century, and that there has been a significant delay in the onset of chronic diseases over the course of the twentieth century. These trends appear to be related to changes in levels of environmental hazards and in body size. These findings have led investigators to posit a synergism between technological and physiological improvements. This synergism has contributed to reductions in inequality in real income, body size, and life expectancy during the twentieth century.
Keywords: No keywords provided
JEL Codes: I1; J1; N3
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| Early environmental insults (including in utero) (I12) | Chronic conditions in middle and late ages (I12) |
| Infectious diseases at young ages (I12) | Prevalence rates of chronic diseases in later life (I12) |
| Improvements in environmental conditions and body size (O44) | Delay in the onset of chronic diseases (I12) |
| Improved health outcomes (I14) | Delay in the onset of specific diseases (arthritis and heart disease) (I12) |
| Improved health conditions (I19) | Chronic disease prevalence (I12) |