Working Paper: NBER ID: w10186
Authors: Daniel S. Hamermesh; Jungmin Lee
Abstract: Social commentators have pointed to problems of women workers who face time stress' an absence of sufficient time to accomplish all their tasks. An economic theory views time stress as reflecting how tightly the time constraint binds households. Time stress will be more prevalent in households with higher incomes and whose members work longer in the market or on required' homework. Evidence from Australia, Canada, Germany, Korea and the United States corroborates this view. Adults in higher-income households perceive more time stress for the same amount of time spent in market work and household work. The importance of higher full incomes in generating time stress is not small, particularly in North America much is yuppie kvetch.' While time stress is most prevalent among working wives, a decomposition suggests that women would perceive more time stress than men even if both worked the same number of hours in the market and at home.
Keywords: time stress; income; household production; gender differences
JEL Codes: J220; J160
Edges that are evidenced by causal inference methods are in orange, and the rest are in light blue.
| Cause | Effect |
|---|---|
| higher full incomes (E25) | greater perceived time stress (J29) |
| higher full incomes (E25) | greater time stress (C41) |
| greater responsibilities in household management (D13) | higher perceived stress levels (I31) |
| women's greater responsibilities in household management (D13) | women's higher perceived stress levels (J16) |
| higher incomes (J39) | greater perceived time stress (J29) |
| hours worked (J22) | perceived time stress (J29) |
| income and hours worked (J31) | perceived time stress (J29) |
| same amount of time spent in market and household work (D13) | adults in higher-income households perceive more time stress (D19) |
| higher perceived time stress (J29) | women report higher levels of stress than men (J16) |